Thursday, August 16, 2018

Pipe Fitting

August 16, 2018

                                                               EXPERIMENT
                                                              PIPE FITTING
1)         Objective
Study of losses due to fittings, sudden enlargement and contractions – To determine the loss of head in the fittings at various water flow rates, to measure the loss coefficient for the pipe fittings
 
2)      Introduction 
Almost all runs of pipework contain fittings such as bends, changes in diameter, junctions and valves. The changes in direction of flow through such fittings cause frictional losses, which are additional to those due to friction at the pipe wall. Since these losses at fittings usually contribute significantly to the overall loss through the pipework, it is important to have reliable information about them.
Within a pipe system, there are two types of losses. The first is a Major Loss, and consists of the head losses due to viscous effects in straight segments of pipe in the system. The second type is a Minor Loss, and is comprised of losses generated within components of the pipe system other than the straight pipes themselves. In this experiment minor losses are due to-
  •          sudden expansion of pipe
  •       sudden contraction of pip
  •          bend in pipe

  • 1)      Procedure
    ·         Note down the diameter of the pipes and fittings around the flow circuit in the apparatus.
  • ·         The valves should be closed and the sump tank is filled with water.
  • ·         The main power is to be switched on so that the water starts flowing followed by the pump. Particular care should be taken to clear all air from the manometer connections.
  • ·         This can be done by the manipulation of the flexible connecting pipes of the manometer. The control valve and valve of the elbow 1 joint will be opened to see whether the mercury level in the manometer is same or not.
    ·         Similarly all the valves is to be seen and calculate the pressure drop at different position in the pipe. For the flow rate calculation the water is allowed to flow for 15 sec in the measuring tank.
  • ·         Calibrate the scale attached to the measuring tank.
  • ·         Same steps will be performed for expansion point, contraction point and elbow 2 of upper pipe. Similarly for the lower pipe which consist of two joints, we will follow the procedure.
  • 2)      Result and Discussions 
             Case 1  
             Upper pipe
     
     
     
     
           Case 1.1
            Fully open
     
     
     
     
     
          Sudden expansion
          Sudden contraction
         Loss coefficient
     
     
     
     
     
           Case 1.2 
         Partially  open
     
     
     
     
     
          Sudden expansion
          Sudden contraction
           Loss coefficient
     
     
     
     
     
         Case 1.3
          Almost closed
     
     
     
     
     
         Sudden expansion
          Sudden contraction
         Loss coefficient